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In human nutrition, empty calories are those calories found in foods and beverages (including alcohol) [1] composed primarily or solely of calorie-rich macronutrients such as sugars and fats, but little or no micronutrients, fibre, or protein. [2] Foods composed mostly of empty calories have low nutrient density, meaning few other nutrients ...
The calorie is a unit of energy that originated from the caloric theory of heat. [1] [2] The large calorie, food calorie, dietary calorie, or kilogram calorie is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one liter of water by one degree Celsius (or one kelvin ). [1] [3] The small calorie or gram calorie is defined as the ...
Calorimetry. The world’s first ice-calorimeter, used in the winter of 1782–83, by Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace, to determine the heat involved in various chemical changes; calculations which were based on Joseph Black ’s prior discovery of latent heat. These experiments mark the foundation of thermochemistry.
equal amount of energy in transit due to a displacement in the direction of an applied force. Transfer of material. equal amount of energy carried by matter that is moving from one system to another. A turbo generator transforms the energy of pressurized steam into electrical energy.
For a table giving the specific energy of many different fuels as well as batteries, see the article Energy density.. Ionising radiation. For ionising radiation, the gray is the SI unit of specific energy absorbed by matter known as absorbed dose, from which the SI unit the sievert is calculated for the stochastic health effect on tissues, known as dose equivalent.
The calorie is defined as the amount of thermal energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 Celsius degree, from a temperature of 14.5 °C, at a pressure of 1 atm. For thermochemistry a calorie of 4.184 J is used, but other calories have also been defined, such as the International Steam Table calorie of 4.1868 J.
Equations. Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. v = velocity of atom/molecule, m = mass of each molecule (all molecules are identical in kinetic theory), γ ( p) = Lorentz factor as function of momentum (see below) Ratio of thermal to rest mass-energy of each molecule: θ = k B T / m c 2 {\displaystyle \theta =k_ {B}T/mc^ {2}\,\!}
the small calorie (gram-calorie, cal) is 4.184 J exactly. It was originally defined so that the specific heat capacity of liquid water would be 1 cal/(°C⋅g). The grand calorie (kilocalorie, kilogram-calorie, food calorie, kcal, Cal) is 1000 small calories, 4184 J exactly. It was defined so that the specific heat capacity of water would be 1 ...