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In economics, utility is a measure of the satisfaction that a certain person has from a certain state of the world. Over time, the term has been used in at least two different meanings. In a normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e. an objective function.
In economics, marginal utility describes the change in utility (pleasure or satisfaction resulting from the consumption) of one unit of a good or service. [1] Marginal utility can be positive, negative, or zero. Negative marginal utility implies that every additional unit consumed of a commodity causes more harm than good, leading to a decrease ...
Paradox of value. Water is a commodity that is essential to life. In the paradox of value, it is a contradiction that it is cheaper than diamonds, despite diamonds not having such an importance to life. The paradox of value (also known as the diamond–water paradox) is the contradiction that, although water is on the whole more useful, in ...
Total utilitarianism is a method of applying utilitarianism to a group to work out what the best set of outcomes would be. It assumes that the target utility is the maximum utility across the population based on adding all the separate utilities of each individual together. The main problem for total utilitarianism is the "mere addition paradox ...
Shown is a marketplace in Delhi. Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms. [1] [2] [3] Microeconomics focuses on the study of individual markets, sectors, or industries as ...
Economics ( / ˌɛkəˈnɒmɪks, ˌiːkə -/) [1] [2] is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. [3] [4] Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work.
In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or total social welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall ), is either of two related quantities: Consumer surplus, or consumers' surplus, is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the ...
Supply chain as connected supply and demand curves. In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It postulates that, holding all else equal, the unit price for a particular good or other traded item in a perfectly competitive market, will vary until it settles at the market-clearing price, where ...