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Co-existing diseases can but don't necessarily contribute to death [56] to various degrees in various ways. In some cases, comorbidities can be major causes with complex underlying mechanisms, and a range of comorbidities can be present once. [57] Pandemics [58] [59] and infectious diseases or epidemics can be major underlying causes of deaths.
The second major proposed mechanism for neuronal death in Parkinson's disease, autophagy, is a mechanism by which inner components of the cell are broken down and recycled for use. Autophagy has been shown to play a role in brain health, helping to regulate cellular function. Disruption of the autophagy mechanism can lead to several different ...
A neurodegenerative diseaseis caused by the progressive loss of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration. [2][3]Neuronal damage may also ultimately result in their death. Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple system ...
Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS. HIV is commonly transmitted via unprotected sexual activity, blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child. Upon acquisition of the virus, the virus replicates inside and kills T helper cells, which are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. There is an initial period of influenza-like ...
Excitotoxicity may be involved in cancers, spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, hearing loss (through noise overexposure or ototoxicity ), and in neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, alcoholism, alcohol ...
Parkinson's disease patient showing a typical flexed walking posture in advanced stage. Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease are varied. Parkinson's disease affects movement, producing motor symptoms. [ 1] Non-motor symptoms, which include dysautonomia, cognitive and neurobehavioral problems, and sensory and sleep difficulties, are also ...
Pathophysiology (or physiopathology) is a branch of study, at the intersection of pathology and physiology, concerning disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury. Pathology is the medical discipline that describes conditions typically observed during a disease state, whereas ...
Central nervous system diseases or central nervous system disorders are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS). [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] These disorders may be caused by such things as infection, injury, blood clots, age related ...