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In SGML, HTML and XML documents, the logical constructs known as character data and attribute values consist of sequences of characters, in which each character can manifest directly (representing itself), or can be represented by a series of characters called a character reference, of which there are two types: a numeric character reference and a character entity reference.
First, the web server can include the character encoding or " charset " in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Content-Type header, which would typically look like this: [ 1] Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8. This method gives the HTTP server a convenient way to alter document's encoding according to content negotiation; certain HTTP ...
The format is the same as for any entity reference: &name; where name is the case-sensitive name of the entity. The semicolon is required. Because numbers are harder for humans to remember than names, character entity references are most often written by humans, while numeric character references are most often produced by computer programs. [1]
An HTML numeric character reference is of the form &#D; or &#xH;; D and H are the character’s Unicode code point in decimal and hexadecimal. For example, either — or — can be entered to give U+2014, em dash (—). Because a character’s Unicode code point is usually given in hexadecimal with a prefixed "U+", the hexadecimal code ...
A character reference takes the form &#N;, where N is either a decimal number for the Unicode code point, or a hexadecimal number, in which case it must be prefixed by x. The characters that compose the numeric character reference are universally representable in every encoding approved for use on the Internet. [citation needed]
A numeric character reference ( NCR) is a common markup construct used in SGML and SGML-derived markup languages such as HTML and XML. It consists of a short sequence of characters that, in turn, represents a single character. Since WebSgml, XML and HTML 4, the code points of the Universal Character Set (UCS) of Unicode are used.
HTML 4.0 Character Entity References—shows how the named and decimal character references look in one's browser; FileFormat.Info—details of many Unicode characters, including the named, decimal and hexadecimal character reference, showing how it should look and for each, how it looks in one's browser
Character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters, especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using digital computers. [ 1] The numerical values that make up a character encoding are known as "code points" and collectively comprise a "code space", a ...