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Dimensional weight, also known as volumetric weight, is a pricing technique for commercial freight transport (including courier and postal services ), which uses an estimated weight that is calculated from the length, width and height of a package. The shipping fee is based upon the dimensional weight or the actual weight, whichever is greater.
Many shipping services, especially air carriers, use dimensional weight for calculating the price, which takes into account both weight and volume of the cargo. For example, bulk coal long-distance rates in America are approximately 1 cent/ton-mile. [2] So a 100 car train, each carrying 100 tons, over a distance of 1000 miles, would cost $100,000.
Fermi problem. In physics or engineering education, a Fermi problem (or Fermi quiz, Fermi question, Fermi estimate ), also known as a order-of-magnitude problem (or order-of-magnitude estimate, order estimation ), is an estimation problem designed to teach dimensional analysis or approximation of extreme scientific calculations.
These cost estimates were supported by a moderate amount of evidence and much agreement in the literature. [130]: 11, 18 Macroeconomic cost estimates were mostly based on models that assumed transparent markets, no transaction costs, and perfect implementation of cost-effective policy measures across all regions throughout the 21st century.
Equivalent annual cost. In finance, the equivalent annual cost ( EAC) is the cost per year of owning and operating an asset over its entire lifespan. It is calculated by dividing the negative NPV of a project by the "present value of annuity factor": , where. where r is the annual interest rate and. t is the number of years.
Lazard study assumes "60% debt at 8% interest rate and 40% equity at 12% cost" for its LCOE calculation but did not disclose their methodology or project portfolio used to calculate prices. [91] In the 2023 study Lazard explained their LCOE estimates for nuclear power are "based on the then-estimated costs of the Vogtle Plant and US-focused".
For example, IPCC AR3 WG3 calculation based on 10% discount rate produced LCOE estimate of $97/MWh for nuclear power, while by merely assuming 1.4% discount rate, the estimate drops to $42/MWh which is the same issue that has been raised for other low-carbon energy sources with high initial capital costs.
Marginal cost. In economics, the marginal cost is the change in the total cost that arises when the quantity produced is increased, i.e. the cost of producing additional quantity. [ 1] In some contexts, it refers to an increment of one unit of output, and in others it refers to the rate of change of total cost as output is increased by an ...