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In another study values of 79.6% and 2.7% for the combined screening were then improved with the addition of second trimester ultrasound scanning to 89.7% and 4.2% respectively. [13] A further study reported detection of 88% for trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and 75% for trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), with a 3.3% false-positive rate. [14]
In the second trimester, a standard ultrasound exam typically includes: [12] Fetal number, including number of amnionic sacs and chorionic sacs for multiple gestations; Fetal cardiac activity; Fetal position relative to the uterus and cervix; Location and appearance of the placenta, including site of umbilical cord insertion when possible
chromosomal abnormalities. The triple test, also called triple screen, the Kettering test or the Bart's test, is an investigation performed during pregnancy in the second trimester to classify a patient as either high-risk or low-risk for chromosomal abnormalities (and neural tube defects). The term "multiple-marker screening test" is sometimes ...
For example, studies show that a detailed 2nd-trimester ultrasound, also called a level 2 ultrasound, can detect about 97% of neural tube defects such as spina bifida [citation needed]. Ultrasound results may also show "soft signs," such as an Echogenic intracardiac focus or a Choroid plexus cyst , which are usually normal, but can be ...
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein refers to a state where alpha-fetoprotein levels are outside of the reference range. There are two categories of AFP tests: tests performed on serum (blood plasma), and tests performed on amniotic fluid. Tests performed on serum are further categorized by the reason for performing the test: maternal serum, adult tumor ...
Biophysical profile. A biophysical profile ( BPP) is a prenatal ultrasound evaluation of fetal well-being involving a scoring system, [ 1] with the score being termed Manning's score.[ 2] It is often done when a non-stress test (NST) is non reactive, or for other obstetrical indications. The "modified biophysical profile" consists of the NST ...
Anemia in pregnancy is a decrease in the total red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood during pregnancy. Anemia is an extremely common condition in pregnancy world-wide, conferring a number of health risks to mother and child. [2] While anemia in pregnancy may be pathologic, in normal pregnancies, the increase in RBC mass is smaller ...
Both abdominal and vaginal ultrasound may be used, but vaginal ultrasound allows for earlier visualization of the pregnancy. With obstetric ultrasonography the gestational sac (intrauterine fluid collection) can be visualized at 4.5 to 5 weeks gestation , the yolk sac at 5 to 6 weeks gestation, and fetal pole at 5.5 to 6 weeks gestation.