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Ionization (or ionisation specifically in Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. The resulting electrically charged atom or molecule is called an ion.
Geiger–Müller tube. A complete Geiger counter, with the Geiger–Müller tube mounted in a cylindrical enclosure connected by a cable to the instrument. The Geiger–Müller tube or G–M tube is the sensing element of the Geiger counter instrument used for the detection of ionizing radiation. It is named after Hans Geiger, who invented the ...
In aqueous solutions, redox potential is a measure of the tendency of the solution to either gain or lose electrons in a reaction. A solution with a higher (more positive) reduction potential than some other molecule will have a tendency to gain electrons from this molecule (i.e. to be reduced by oxidizing this other molecule) and a solution with a lower (more negative) reduction potential ...
A proton-exchange membrane, or polymer-electrolyte membrane ( PEM ), is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while acting as an electronic insulator and reactant barrier, e.g. to oxygen and hydrogen gas. [ 1] This is their essential function when incorporated into a membrane electrode assembly ...
An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. [1] Electron acceptors are oxidizing agents . The electron accepting power of an electron acceptor is measured by its redox potential. [2] In the simplest case, electron acceptors are reduced by one electron.
Electron excitation. Electron excitation is the transfer of a bound electron to a more energetic, but still bound state. This can be done by photoexcitation (PE), where the electron absorbs a photon and gains all its energy [ 1] or by collisional excitation (CE), where the electron receives energy from a collision with another, energetic ...
Electrochemistry. English chemist John Daniell (left) and physicist Michael Faraday (right), both credited as founders of electrochemistry. Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change. These reactions involve electrons moving via an ...
Redox ( / ˈrɛdɒks / RED-oks, / ˈriːdɒks / REE-doks, reduction–oxidation [2] or oxidation–reduction [3] : 150 ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. [4] Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the ...