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A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and consequently its central angle and area) is proportional to the quantity it represents. While it is named for its resemblance to a pie which has been sliced, there ...
A proportional symbol map of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, in which the circles are proportional to the total number of votes cast in each state, formatted as a pie chart showing the relative proportion for each candidate. A proportional symbol map or proportional point symbol map is a type of thematic map that uses map symbols that vary ...
A graph is a circle graph if and only if it is the overlap graph of a set of intervals on a line. This is a graph in which the vertices correspond to the intervals, and two vertices are connected by an edge if the two intervals overlap, with neither containing the other. The intersection graph of a set of intervals on a line is called the ...
In geometry, circle packing is the study of the arrangement of circles (of equal or varying sizes) on a given surface such that no overlapping occurs and so that no circle can be enlarged without creating an overlap. The associated packing density, η, of an arrangement is the proportion of the surface covered by the circles.
Betweenness centrality. An undirected graph colored based on the betweenness centrality of each vertex from least (red) to greatest (blue). In graph theory, betweenness centrality is a measure of centrality in a graph based on shortest paths. For every pair of vertices in a connected graph, there exists at least one shortest path between the ...
The smallest-circle problem was initially proposed by the English mathematician James Joseph Sylvester in 1857. [ 2] The smallest-circle problem in the plane is an example of a facility location problem (the 1-center problem) in which the location of a new facility must be chosen to provide service to a number of customers, minimizing the ...
Sphere packing finds practical application in the stacking of cannonballs. In geometry, a sphere packing is an arrangement of non-overlapping spheres within a containing space. The spheres considered are usually all of identical size, and the space is usually three- dimensional Euclidean space. However, sphere packing problems can be ...
The center of the incircle is a triangle center called the triangle's incenter. [ 1] An excircle or escribed circle[ 2] of the triangle is a circle lying outside the triangle, tangent to one of its sides and tangent to the extensions of the other two. Every triangle has three distinct excircles, each tangent to one of the triangle's sides.