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Statistical significance. In statistical hypothesis testing, [1] [2] a result has statistical significance when a result at least as "extreme" would be very infrequent if the null hypothesis were true. [3] More precisely, a study's defined significance level, denoted by , is the probability of the study rejecting the null hypothesis, given that ...
In broad usage, the "practical clinical significance" answers the question, how effective is the intervention or treatment, or how much change does the treatment cause. In terms of testing clinical treatments, practical significance optimally yields quantified information about the importance of a finding, using metrics such as effect size, number needed to treat (NNT), and preventive fraction.
A research design typically outlines the theories and models underlying a project; the research question (s) of a project; a strategy for gathering data and information; and a strategy for producing answers from the data. [ 1] A strong research design yields valid answers to research questions while weak designs yield unreliable, imprecise or ...
In frequentist statistics, power is a measure of the ability of an experimental design and hypothesis testing setup to detect a particular effect if it is truly present. In typical use, it is a function of the test used (including the desired level of statistical significance ), the assumed distribution of the test (for example, the degree of ...
A scientist gathering data for her research. Empirical research is research using empirical evidence. It is also a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empiricism values some research more than other kinds. Empirical evidence (the record of one's direct observations or experiences) can be analyzed ...
Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig. "description of a state, a country") [ 1][ 2] is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. [ 3][ 4][ 5] In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or ...
Etiology ( / ˌiːtiˈɒlədʒi /; alternatively spelled aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation or origination. The word is derived from the Greek word αἰτιολογία ( aitiología ), meaning "giving a reason for" (from αἰτία (aitía) 'cause' and -λογία ( -logía) 'study of'). [1] More completely, etiology is the ...
The p -value is used in the context of null hypothesis testing in order to quantify the statistical significance of a result, the result being the observed value of the chosen statistic . [ note 2] The lower the p -value is, the lower the probability of getting that result if the null hypothesis were true. A result is said to be statistically ...