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The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as the " modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, named after its creator, IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn, is a simple check digit formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers. It is described in US patent 2950048A, granted on 23 August 1960. [1] The algorithm is in the public domain and is in wide use today. It is specified in ISO/IEC ...
In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation. Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor. [1] For example, the expression "5 mod 2 ...
Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock. The most common type is a sequential digital logic circuit with an input line called the clock and multiple output lines.
Ring counter. A ring counter is a type of counter composed of flip-flops connected into a shift register, with the output of the last flip-flop fed to the input of the first, making a "circular" or "ring" structure. There are two types of ring counters:
Over-the-counter (OTC) hearing aids are amplification devices that consumers who suffer from mild to moderate hearing loss can buy directly without a prescription, says Melissa Schnitzspahn, AuD ...
Galois/Counter Mode. In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) [ 1 ] is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers which is widely adopted for its performance. GCM throughput rates for state-of-the-art, high-speed communication channels can be achieved with inexpensive hardware resources.
The Miller–Rabin primality test uses the following extension of Fermat's little theorem: [14] If p is an odd prime and p − 1 = 2sd with s > 0 and d odd > 0, then for every a coprime to p, either ad ≡ 1 (mod p) or there exists r such that 0 ≤ r < s and a2rd ≡ −1 (mod p).