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2. Birthday problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem

   In probability theory, the birthday problem asks for the probability that, in a set of n randomly chosen people, at least two will share a birthday. The birthday paradox refers to the counterintuitive fact that only 23 people are needed for that probability to exceed 50%. The birthday paradox is a veridical paradox: it seems wrong at first ...

3. List of generic names of political parties - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_generic_names_of...

   United Democratic Party. Equality Party. Fascist Party. Fatherland Party and Fatherland Union. Union of Democratic Forces. Free Democratic Party. First Party. Freedom Party. Green Party.

4. List of political parties in the United States - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties...

   Independent Party of Louisiana – 136,125. Conservative Party of Louisiana – 794. Socialist – 85. American Solidarity – 103. Socialism and Liberation – 5. ^ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows: Libertarian Association (unaffiliated) – 16,307. United Independent Party – 14,469. Socialist Party – 1,615.

5. List of random number generators - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_random_number...

   However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators. These include: Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4. Block ciphers in counter mode.

6. Random variable - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable

   A random variable (also called random quantity, aleatory variable, or stochastic variable) is a mathematical formalization of a quantity or object which depends on random events. [ 1] The term 'random variable' in its mathematical definition refers to neither randomness nor variability [ 2] but instead is a mathematical function in which.

7. Fisher–Yates shuffle - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher–Yates_shuffle

   The Fisher–Yates shuffle is an algorithm for shuffling a finite sequence. The algorithm takes a list of all the elements of the sequence, and continually determines the next element in the shuffled sequence by randomly drawing an element from the list until no elements remain. [ 1] The algorithm produces an unbiased permutation: every ...