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Battle of Gisors. Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199), known as Richard Cœur de Lion ( Norman French: Quor de Lion) [ 1][ 2] or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior, [ 3][ 4][ 5] was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine, and ...
There remain, as of 2024, twelve sovereign monarchies in Europe. Seven are kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Three are principalities: Andorra, Liechtenstein, and Monaco. Finally, Luxembourg is a grand duchy and Vatican City is a theocratic, elective monarchy ruled by the pope .
e. Charlemagne[ b] ( / ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn, ˌʃɑːrləˈmeɪn / SHAR-lə-mayn, -MAYN; 2 April 748 [ a] – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814. He united most of Western and Central ...
King Charles VI of France was prone to mental illness; at times he thought he was made of glass, and his eldest surviving son, Louis, Duke of Guyenne, was an unpromising prospect. However, it was the old dynastic claim to the throne of France , first pursued by Edward III of England , that justified war with France in English opinion.
Mansa Moussa (Rex Melly) on the map of Angelino Dulcert (1339) Musa was a Muslim, and his hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, made him well known across North Africa and the Middle East. To Musa, Islam was "an entry into the cultured world of the Eastern Mediterranean". [44] He would have spent much time fostering the growth of the religion within ...
Alfred was a son of Æthelwulf, king of Wessex, and his wife Osburh. [5] According to his biographer, Asser, writing in 893, "In the year of our Lord's Incarnation 849 Alfred, King of the Anglo-Saxons", was born at the royal estate called Wantage, in the district known as Berkshire [a] ("which is so called from Berroc Wood, where the box tree grows very abundantly").
Vikramaditya means "the sun of valour" (vikrama means "valour" and aditya means "sun").He is also known as Vikrama, Bikramjit and Vikramarka (arka also means "sun"). Some legends describe him as a liberator of India from mlechchha invaders; the invaders are identified as Shakas in most, and the king is known by the epithet Shakari (IAST: Śakāri; "enemy of the Shakas").
Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine. John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the French Capetian ...