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Coke (fuel) Raw coke. Coke is a grey, hard, and porous coal-based fuel with a high carbon content. It is made by heating coal or oil in the absence of air. Coke is an important industrial product, used mainly in iron ore smelting, but also as a fuel in stoves and forges . The unqualified term "coke" usually refers to the product derived from ...
Peter Grubb (c.1702—1754), the founder of the Grubb Family Iron Dynasty, discovered Cornwall Iron Minesand established Cornwall Iron Furnace, together one of the largest ironworks in Colonial Pennsylvania.[1] The Cornwall Iron Mines are the largest U.S. iron mines ever discovered east of Lake Superior. The youngest of the seven sons of John ...
Open-hearth furnace. An open-hearth furnace or open hearth furnace is any of several kinds of industrial furnace in which excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce steel. [ 1] Because steel is difficult to manufacture owing to its high melting point, normal fuels and furnaces were insufficient for mass production ...
A bloomery is a type of metallurgical furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides. The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron. Bloomeries produce a porous mass of iron and slag called a bloom. The mix of slag and iron in the bloom, termed sponge iron, is usually consolidated and further forged into ...
Puddling (metallurgy) Schematic drawing of a puddling furnace. Puddling is the process of converting pig iron to bar (wrought) iron in a coal fired reverberatory furnace. It was developed in England during the 1780s. The molten pig iron was stirred in a reverberatory furnace, in an oxidizing environment to burn the carbon, resulting in wrought ...
Iron metallurgy may have been independently developed in the Nok culture between the 9th century BCE and 550 BCE. [ 5][ 6] The nearby Djenné-Djenno culture of the Niger Valley in Mali shows evidence of iron production from c. 250 BCE. The Bantu expansion spread the technology to Eastern and Southern Africa between 500 BCE and 400 CE, as shown ...
Industrial furnace from 1907. A metallurgical furnace, often simply referred to as a furnace when the context is known, is an industrial furnace used to heat, melt, or otherwise process metals. Furnaces have been a central piece of equipment throughout the history of metallurgy; processing metals with heat is even its own engineering specialty ...
Cornwall Iron Furnace is a designated National Historic Landmark that is administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in Cornwall, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The furnace was a leading Pennsylvania iron producer from 1742 until it was shut down in 1883. The furnaces, support buildings and surrounding ...