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Depression is a significant mental illness with physiological and psychological consequences, including sluggishness, diminished interest and pleasure, and disturbances in sleep and appetite. [1] It is predicted that by the year 2030, depression will be the number one cause of disability in the United States and other high-income countries.
Beck's cognitive triad. A diagram showing Beck's cognitive triad. Beck's cognitive triad, also known as the negative triad, [ 1][ 2] is a cognitive-therapeutic view of the three key elements of a person's belief system present in depression. It was proposed by Aaron Beck in 1967. [ 3]
In neuroscience, the reward system is a collection of brain structures and neural pathways that are responsible for reward-related cognition, including associative learning (primarily classical conditioning and operant reinforcement), incentive salience (i.e., motivation and "wanting", desire, or craving for a reward), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly emotions that involve ...
Biology of depression. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD), [1] and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes.
Cognitive therapy ( CT) is a type of psychotherapy developed by American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. CT is one therapeutic approach within the larger group of cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) and was first expounded by Beck in the 1960s. Cognitive therapy is based on the cognitive model, which states that thoughts, feelings and behavior are ...
Behavioral activation is a form of clinical behavior analysis, which is also known as third-generation behavior therapy. Other behavior therapies are acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavior therapy and functional analytic psychotherapy. BA can be integrated into other psychotherapies, and its inclusion in these third-generation ...
Human Givens is the name of a theory in psychotherapy formulated in the United Kingdom, first outlined by Joe Griffin and Ivan Tyrrell in the late 1990s, [1] and amplified in the 2003 book Human Givens: A new approach to emotional health and clear thinking. [2] The human givens organising ideas [3] proffer a description of the nature of human ...
Self-harm, suicide. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is major depressive disorder in which an affected person does not respond adequately to at least two different antidepressant medications at an adequate dose and for an adequate duration. [1] Inadequate response has most commonly been defined as less than 25% reduction in depressive ...