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  2. Calorimetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimetry

    Calorimetry. The world’s first ice-calorimeter, used in the winter of 1782–83, by Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace, to determine the heat involved in various chemical changes; calculations which were based on Joseph Black ’s prior discovery of latent heat. These experiments mark the foundation of thermochemistry.

  3. Wilbur Olin Atwater - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Olin_Atwater

    Through their experiments, they were able to create a system - which became known as the Atwater system, to measure the energy in units, known as food calories. With the machine, the dynamics of metabolism could be quantified and the relationship between food intake and energy output could be measured. "The experiments are made with a man ...

  4. Calorimeter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter

    A calorimeter is a device used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are among the most common types.

  5. Indirect calorimetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_calorimetry

    Indirect calorimetry calculates heat that living organisms produce by measuring either their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste (frequently ammonia in aquatic organisms, or urea in terrestrial ones), or from their consumption of oxygen. Indirect calorimetry estimates the type and rate of substrate utilization and energy metabolism ...

  6. Atwater system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater_system

    Atwater system. The Atwater system, [1] named after Wilbur Olin Atwater, or derivatives of this system are used for the calculation of the available energy of foods. The system was developed largely from the experimental studies of Atwater and his colleagues in the later part of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th at Wesleyan ...

  7. Food energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy

    Food energy. Food energy is chemical energy that animals (including humans) derive from their food to sustain their metabolism, including their muscular activity. [ 1] Most animals derive most of their energy from aerobic respiration, namely combining the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins with oxygen from air or dissolved in water. [ 2]

  8. Calorie - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie

    The calorie is a unit of energy that originated from the caloric theory of heat. [ 1][ 2] The large calorie, food calorie, dietary calorie, or kilogram calorie is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one liter of water by one degree Celsius (or one kelvin ). [ 1][ 3] The small calorie or gram calorie is defined as ...

  9. Do Fast Food Retailers Really Offer Value Meals? -- Savings ...

    www.aol.com/2013/05/13/did-you-know-fast-food...

    In general, a meal costs $5 to $7 at a fast food restaurant, but the cost of cooking at home averages out to $1.50 to $3 per person. That's a 40-79 percent savings for healthier, homemade food ...

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