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The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A larger number indicates higher or steeper degree of "tilt".
Slope illustrated for y = (3/2)x − 1.Click on to enlarge Slope of a line in coordinates system, from f(x) = −12x + 2 to f(x) = 12x + 2. The slope of a line in the plane containing the x and y axes is generally represented by the letter m, [5] and is defined as the change in the y coordinate divided by the corresponding change in the x coordinate, between two distinct points on the line.
54′. In trigonometry, the gradian – also known as the gon (from Ancient Greek γωνία (gōnía) 'angle'), grad, or grade[ 1 ] – is a unit of measurement of an angle, defined as one-hundredth of the right angle; in other words, 100 gradians is equal to 90 degrees. [ 2 ][ 3 ][ 4 ] It is equivalent to 1/400 of a turn, [ 5 ]9/10 ...
Surface roughness, often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface finish (surface texture). It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth. In surface metrology, roughness is ...
The degree of curvature is defined as the central angle to the ends of an agreed length of either an arc or a chord; [ 1] various lengths are commonly used in different areas of practice. This angle is also the change in forward direction as that portion of the curve is traveled. In an n -degree curve, the forward bearing changes by n degrees ...
A minute of arc is π 10 800 of a radian . A second of arc, arcsecond (arcsec), or arc second, denoted by the symbol ″, [2] is 1 60 of an arcminute, 1 3600 of a degree, [1] 1 1 296 000 of a turn, and π 648 000 (about 1 206 264.8) of a radian. These units originated in Babylonian astronomy as ...
The only conversion necessary then is to take / here and equate it to above. Also, this formula is the tape sag correction to be added to the measured distance, so the negative sign in front can be removed and the tape sag correction can be made instead by subtracting the absolute value as is done in the preceding section.
Peak B-grades are roughly one level easier than V-grades (e.g. V8 was equivalent to B9). The V-grade / Font-grade systems (sometimes the "technical grade" component of the British E-grade system is used) have replaced Peak B-grades in Britain but they appear in some guidebooks and some boulder grade conversion tables. [3] [10] [19]